SEC Filing | SL Green Realty Corp.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________________________________________________________

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-13199 (SL Green Realty Corp.)

Commission File Number: 33-167793-02 (SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.)

______________________________________________________________________

SL GREEN REALTY CORP.

SL GREEN OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

______________________________________________________________________


SL Green Realty Corp.	Maryland	13-3956775
SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.	Delaware	13-3960938
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

(Address of principal executive offices—Zip Code)

(212) 594-2700

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

______________________________________________________________________

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OF THE ACT:

Registrant

Trading Symbol

Title of Each Class

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

SL Green Realty Corp.

SLG

Common Stock, $0.01 par value

New York Stock Exchange

SL Green Realty Corp.

SLG.PRI

6.500% Series I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value

New York Stock Exchange

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

SL Green Realty Corp. Yes x No o SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

SL Green Realty Corp. Yes o No x SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

SL Green Realty Corp. Yes x No o SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

SL Green Realty Corp. Yes x No o SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

SL Green Realty Corp. o SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

SL Green Realty Corp.

Large Accelerated Filer

Accelerated Filer

Non-Accelerated Filer

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

☒

SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.

Large Accelerated Filer

Accelerated Filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

☐

☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatments that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §201.10D-1(b).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

SL Green Realty Corp. Yes ☐ No x SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Yes ☐ No x

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of SL Green Realty Corp. (57,803,185 shares) was $2.7 billion based on the quoted closing price on the New York Stock Exchange for such shares on June 30, 2022.

As of February 15, 2023, 64,365,509 shares of SL Green Realty Corp.'s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding. As of February 15, 2023, 306,987 common units of limited partnership interest of SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. were held by non-affiliates. There is no established trading market for such units.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the SL Green Realty Corp.'s Proxy Statement for its 2022 Annual Stockholders' Meeting to be filed within 120 days after the end of the Registrant's fiscal year are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This report combines the annual reports on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 of SL Green Realty Corp. and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to "SL Green Realty Corp.," the "Company" or "SL Green" mean SL Green Realty Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.; and references to "SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.," the "Operating Partnership" or "SLGOP" mean SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The terms "we," "our" and "us" mean the Company and all the entities owned or controlled by the Company, including the Operating Partnership.

The Company is a Maryland corporation which operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT, and is the sole managing general partner of the Operating Partnership. As a general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company has full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of the Operating Partnership.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company owns 94.61% of the outstanding general and limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership and owns 9,200,000 Series I Preferred Units of the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2022, noncontrolling investors held, in aggregate a 5.39% limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. We refer to these interests as the noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership.

The Company and the Operating Partnership are managed and operated as one entity. The financial results of the Operating Partnership are consolidated into the financial statements of the Company. The Company has no significant assets other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. Substantially all of our assets are held by, and our operations are conducted through, the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the assets and liabilities of the Company and the Operating Partnership are substantially the same.

Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership, stockholders' equity of the Company and partners' capital of the Operating Partnership are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of the Company and those of the Operating Partnership. The common limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership not owned by the Company are accounted as noncontrolling interests, within mezzanine equity, in the Company's and the Operating Partnership's consolidated financial statements.

We believe combining the annual reports on Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership into this single report results in the following benefits:

•Combined reports enhance investors' understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

•Combined reports eliminate duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the Company's disclosure applies to both the Company and the Operating Partnership; and

•Combined reports create time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

To help investors understand the significant differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report presents the following separate sections for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership:

•consolidated financial statements; and

•the following notes to the consolidated financial statements:

◦Note 11, Noncontrolling Interests on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements;

◦Note 12, Stockholders' Equity of the Company; and

◦Note 13, Partners' Capital of the Operating Partnership;

This report also includes separate Part II, Item 5. Market for Registrants' Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, and Item 9A. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibit 31 and 32 certifications for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership, respectively, in order to establish that the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, in both their capacity as the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Company and the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the general partner of the Operating Partnership, have made the requisite certifications and that the Company and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 and Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

SL GREEN REALTY CORP. AND SL GREEN OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I
Item 1.	Business	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	13
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	24
Item 2.	Properties	25
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	31
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	32


Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	55
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	57
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	128
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	129
Item 9B.	Other Information	133
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	134
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	134
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	134
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	134
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	134
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules	135
	SIGNATURES	140

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

SL Green Realty Corp. is a self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT, engaged in the acquisition, development, redevelopment, repositioning, ownership, management and operation of commercial real estate properties, principally office properties, located in the New York metropolitan area, principally in Manhattan, a borough of New York City. We were formed in June, 1997 for the purpose of continuing the commercial real estate business of S.L. Green Properties, Inc., our predecessor entity. S.L. Green Properties, Inc., which was founded in 1980 by Stephen L. Green, who serves as a member and the chairman emeritus of the Company's board of directors, had been engaged in the business of owning, managing, leasing, and repositioning office properties in Manhattan.

As of December 31, 2022, we owned the following interests in properties in the New York metropolitan area, primarily in midtown Manhattan. Our investments located outside of Manhattan are referred to as the Suburban properties:


			Consolidated		Unconsolidated		Total
Location	Property Type		Number of Properties	Approximate Square Feet	Number of Properties	Approximate Square Feet	Number of Properties	Approximate Square Feet	Weighted Average Occupancy(1)
Commercial:
Manhattan	Office		13	9,963,138	12	13,998,381	25	23,961,519	90.7	%
	Retail		2	17,888	9	301,996	11	319,884	91.2	%
	Development/Redevelopment	(1)	5	1,685,215	3	2,746,241	8	4,431,456	N/A

			20	11,666,241	24	17,046,618	44	28,712,859	90.7	%
Suburban	Office		7	862,800	—	—	7	862,800	79.3	%



Total commercial properties			27	12,529,041	24	17,046,618	51	29,575,659	90.3	%
Residential:
Manhattan	Residential	(2)	1	140,382	—	—	1	140,382	89.5	%


Total portfolio			28	12,669,423	24	17,046,618	52	29,716,041	90.3	%

(1)The weighted average occupancy for commercial properties represents the total occupied square feet divided by total square footage at acquisition. The weighted average occupancy for residential properties represents the total occupied units divided by total available units. Properties under construction are not included in the calculation of weighted average occupancy.

(2)As of December 31, 2022, we owned a building at 7 Dey Street / 185 Broadway that was comprised of approximately 140,382 square feet (unaudited) of residential space and approximately 50,206 square feet (unaudited) of office and retail space. For the purpose of this report, we have included this building in the number of residential properties we own. However, we have included only the residential square footage in the residential approximate square footage, and have listed the balance of the square footage as development square footage.

As of December 31, 2022, we also managed one office building owned by a third party encompassing approximately 0.3 million square feet, and held debt and preferred equity investments with a book value of $623.3 million, excluding debt and preferred equity investments and other financing receivables totaling $8.5 million that are included in balance sheet line items other than the Debt and preferred equity investments line item.

Our corporate offices are located in midtown Manhattan at One Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, New York 10017. As of December 31, 2022, we employed 1,137 employees, 303 of whom were employed in our corporate offices. We can be contacted at (212) 594-2700. We maintain a website at www.slgreen.com. On our website, you can obtain, free of charge, a copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We have also made available on our website our audit committee charter, compensation committee charter, nominating and corporate governance committee charter, code of business conduct and ethics and corporate governance principles. We do not intend for information contained on our website to be part of this annual report on Form 10-K. The SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

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Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to the "Company," "SL Green," "we," "our" and "us" in this annual report means SL Green Realty Corp., a Maryland corporation, and one or more of its subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership, or, as the context may require, SL Green only or the Operating Partnership only, and "S.L. Green Properties" means S.L. Green Properties, Inc., a New York corporation, as well as the affiliated partnerships and other entities through which Stephen L. Green historically conducted commercial real estate activities.

Corporate Structure

In connection with the Company's initial public offering, or IPO, in August 1997, the Operating Partnership received a contribution of interests in real estate properties as well as a 95% economic, non-voting interest in the management, leasing and construction companies affiliated with S.L. Green Properties. We refer to these management, leasing and construction entities, which are owned by S.L. Green Management Corp, as the "Service Corporation." The Company is organized so as to qualify, and has elected to qualify as a REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code.

Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, the Operating Partnership. We are the sole managing general partner of the Operating Partnership, and as of December 31, 2022, we owned 94.61% of its economic interests. All of the management and leasing operations with respect to our wholly-owned properties are conducted through SL Green Management LLC, or Management LLC. The Operating Partnership owns 100% of Management LLC.

In order to maintain the Company's qualification as a REIT while realizing income from management, leasing and construction contracts with third parties and joint venture properties, all of these service operations are conducted through the S.L. Green Management Corp, or the Service Corporation, a consolidated variable interest entity. We, through our Operating Partnership, receive substantially all of the cash flow from the Service Corporation's operations. All of the voting common stock of the Service Corporation is held by an entity owned and controlled by Stephen L. Green, who serves as a member and as the chairman emeritus of the Company's Board of Directors.

Business and Growth Strategies

SL Green, Manhattan's largest owner of office real estate, is focused primarily on the acquisition, development, redevelopment, repositioning, ownership, management, and operation of Manhattan commercial properties, principally office properties.

Our primary business objective is to maximize the total return to stockholders, through net income attributable to common stockholders, funds from operations, or FFO, and through asset value appreciation. The commercial real estate expertise resulting from owning, operating, investing, developing, redeveloping and lending on real estate in Manhattan for many decades has enabled us to invest in a collection of premier office properties, selected retail and residential assets, and high-quality debt and preferred equity investments.

We are led by a strong, experienced management team that provides a foundation of skills in all aspects of real estate. It is with this team that we have achieved a market leading position in our targeted submarkets.

We seek to enhance the value of our company by executing strategies that include the following:

•Leasing and property management, which capitalizes on our extensive presence and knowledge of the marketplaces in which we operate;

•Acquiring properties and employing our local market skills to reposition these assets to create incremental cash flow and value appreciation;

•Identifying properties well suited for development/redevelopment in order to maximize the value of those properties through development/redevelopment or reconfiguration to match current workplace, retail and housing trends;

•Investing in debt and preferred equity positions that generate consistently strong risk-adjusted returns, increase the breadth of our market insight, foster key market relationships and source potential future investment opportunities;

•Executing dispositions through sales or joint ventures that harvest embedded equity which has been generated through management's value enhancing activities; and

•Maintaining a prudently levered, liquid balance sheet with consistent access to diversified sources of property level and corporate capital.

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Leasing and Property Management

We seek to capitalize on our management's extensive knowledge of Manhattan and the New York metropolitan area and the needs of our tenants through proactive leasing and management programs, which include: (i) use of in-depth market experience resulting from managing and leasing tens of millions of square feet of office, retail and residential space since the Company was founded; (ii) careful tenant management, which results in a high tenant retention rate, long average lease terms and a manageable lease expiration schedule; (iii) utilization of an extensive network of third-party brokers to supplement our in-house leasing team; (iv) use of comprehensive building management analysis and planning; and (v) a commitment to tenant satisfaction by understanding and appreciating our tenant's businesses and the environment in which they are operating, while providing high quality tenant services at competitive rental rates.

Property Acquisitions

We acquire properties for long-term value appreciation and earnings growth. This strategy has resulted in capital gains that increase our investment capital base. In implementing this strategy, we continually evaluate potential acquisition opportunities. These opportunities may come from new properties as well as the acquisition of properties in which we already hold a joint venture interest or, from time to time, from our debt and preferred equity investments.

Through intimate knowledge of our market, we have developed an ability to source transactions with superior risk-adjusted returns by capturing off-market opportunities. In rising markets, we primarily seek to acquire strategic vacancies that provide the opportunity to take advantage of our exceptional leasing and repositioning capabilities to increase cash flow and property value. In stable or falling markets, we primarily target assets featuring credit tenancies with fully escalated in-place rents to provide cash flow stability near-term and the opportunity for increases over time.

We believe that we have many advantages over our competitors in acquiring core and non-core properties, both directly and through our joint venture program that includes a predominance of high-quality institutional investors. Those advantages include: (i) senior management's long-tenured experience leading a full-service, fully integrated real estate company focused, principally, on the Manhattan market; (ii) the ability to offer tax-efficient structures to sellers through the exchange of ownership interests, including units in our Operating Partnership; and (iii) the ability to underwrite and close transactions on an expedited basis even when the transaction involves a complicated structure.

Property Dispositions

We continually evaluate our portfolio to identify those properties that are most likely to meet our long-term earnings and cash flow growth objectives and contribute to increasing portfolio value. Properties that no longer meet our objectives are evaluated for sale or joint venture, to release equity created through management's value enhancement programs or to take advantage of attractive market valuations.

We seek to efficiently deploy the capital proceeds generated from these dispositions into other property acquisitions, development or redevelopment projects or debt and preferred equity investments that we expect will provide enhanced future capital gains and earnings growth opportunities. Management may also elect to utilize the capital proceeds from these dispositions to repurchase shares of our common stock, repay existing indebtedness of the Company or its subsidiaries, or increase cash liquidity.

Property Repositioning

Our extensive knowledge of the market in which we operate and our ability to efficiently plan and execute capital projects provide the expertise to enhance returns by repositioning properties that are underperforming. Many of the properties we own or seek to acquire feature unique architectural design elements or other amenities and characteristics that can be appealing to tenants when fully exploited. Our strategic investment in these properties, combined with our active management and pro-active leasing, provide the opportunity to creatively meet market needs and generate favorable returns.

Development / Redevelopment

Our constant interactions with tenants and other market participants keep us abreast of innovations in workplace layout, store design and smart living. We leverage this information to identify properties primed for development or redevelopment to meet these demands and unlock value. The expertise and relationships that we have built from managing complex construction projects in New York City and its surrounding areas allow us to cost efficiently add new and renovated assets of the highest quality and desirability to our operating portfolio.

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Debt and Preferred Equity Investments

We invest in well-collateralized debt and preferred equity investments in the markets in which we operate, principally New York City, that generate attractive yields. See Note 5, "Debt and Preferred Equity Investments," in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Knowledge of our markets and our leasing and asset management expertise provide underwriting capabilities that enable a highly educated assessment of risk and return. The benefits of this investment program, which has a carefully managed aggregate size, include the following:

•Our typical investments provide high current returns at conservative exposure levels and, in certain cases, the potential for future capital gains. Our expertise and operating capabilities provide both insight and operating skills that mitigate risk.

•In certain instances, these investments may serve as a potential source of real estate acquisitions for us. Property owners may also provide us the opportunity to consider off-market transactions involving other properties because we have previously provided debt or preferred equity financing to them.

•Our debt and preferred equity investment strategy is concentrated in Manhattan, which helps us gain market insight, awareness of upcoming investment opportunities and foster key relationships that may provide access to future investment opportunities.

Capital Resources

Our objective is to maintain multiple sources of efficient corporate and property level capital. This objective is supported by:

•Property operations that generally provide stable cash flows through market cycles, long average lease terms, high credit quality tenants and superior leasing, operating and asset management skills;

•Concentration of our activities in a Manhattan market that is consistently attractive to property investors and lenders through market cycles relative to other markets;

•Maintaining strong corporate liquidity and careful management of future debt maturities; and

•Maintaining access to corporate capital markets through balanced financing and investment activities that result in strong balance sheet and cash flow metrics.

Manhattan Office Market Overview

Manhattan is the largest office market in the United States containing more rentable square feet than the next four largest central business district office markets combined. According to Cushman and Wakefield Research Services as of December 31, 2022, Manhattan has a total office inventory of approximately 414.6 million square feet, including approximately 258.4 million square feet in midtown. The properties in our portfolio are primarily concentrated in some of Manhattan's most prominent midtown locations.

While the near-term addition of new supply to the Manhattan office inventory is expected to be nominal relative to the size of the overall market, we view new supply in locations near a variety of transportation options as a positive to the Manhattan office market given the older vintage of the majority of Manhattan’s office inventory and the increasing desire of tenants to occupy new, high quality, efficient office space that provides for easy commutability for their employees.

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Leasing activity in Manhattan improved significantly in 2022. According to Cushman and Wakefield Research Services, the total volume of leases signed in Manhattan for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 24.3 million and 18.6 million square feet, respectively. Manhattan's diverse tenant base is exemplified by the following tables, which show the percentage of leasing volume attributable to each industry:


	Percent of Manhattan Leasing Volume (1)
Industry	2022		2021
Financial Services	40.1	%	29.9	%
Technology, Advertising, Media, and Information ("TAMI")	18.2	%	33.4	%
Professional Services	11.4	%	6.0	%
Public Sector	7.9	%	4.2	%
Legal Services	7.6	%	6.9	%
Retail/Wholesale	5.7	%	7.1	%
Health Services	4.2	%	5.7	%
Other	4.9	%	6.8	%

(1)Source: Cushman and Wakefield Research Services

General Terms of Leases in the Manhattan Markets

Leases entered into for space in Manhattan typically contain terms that may not be contained in leases in other U.S. office markets. The initial term of leases entered into for space in Manhattan is generally seven to fifteen years. Tenants leasing space in excess of 10,000 square feet for an initial term of 10 years or longer often will negotiate an option to extend the term of the lease for one or two renewal periods, typically for a term of five years each. The base rent during the initial term often will provide for agreed-upon periodic increases over the term of the lease. Base rent for renewal terms is most often based upon the then fair market rental value of the premises as of the commencement date of the applicable renewal term (generally determined by binding arbitration in the event the landlord and the tenant are unable to mutually agree upon the fair market value), though base rent for a renewal period may be set at 95% of the then fair market rent. Very infrequently, leases may contain termination options whereby a tenant can terminate the lease obligation before the lease expiration date with payment of a penalty together with repayment of the unamortized portion of the landlord's transaction costs (e.g., brokerage commissions, free rent periods, tenant improvement allowances, etc.).

In addition to base rent, a tenant will generally also pay its pro rata share of increases in real estate taxes and operating expenses for the building over a base year, which is typically the year during which the term of the lease commences, based upon the tenant's proportionate occupancy of the building. In some smaller leases (generally less than 10,000 square feet), in lieu of paying additional rent based upon increases in building operating expenses, base rent will be increased each year during the lease term by a set percentage on a compounding basis (though the tenant will still pay its pro rata share of increases in real estate taxes over a base year).

Tenants typically receive a free rent period following commencement of the lease term, which in some cases may coincide with the tenant's construction period.

The landlord most often supplies electricity either on a sub-metered basis at the landlord's cost plus a fixed percentage or on a rent inclusion basis (i.e., a fixed fee is added to the base rent for electricity, which amount may increase based upon increases in electricity rates or increases in electrical usage by the tenant). Base building services, other than electricity, such as heat, air conditioning, freight elevator service during business hours and base building cleaning typically are provided at no additional cost, but are included in the building's operating expenses. The tenant will typically pay additional amounts only for services that exceed base building services or for services that are provided other than during normal business hours.

In a typical lease for a new tenant renting in excess of 10,000 square feet, the landlord will deliver the premises with existing improvements demolished. In such instances, the landlord will typically provide a tenant improvement allowance, which is a fixed sum that the landlord makes available to the tenant to reimburse the tenant for all or a portion of the tenant's initial construction of its premises. Such sum typically is payable as work progresses, upon submission by the tenant of invoices for the cost of construction and lien waivers. However, in certain leases (most often for relatively small amounts of space), the landlord will construct the premises for the tenant at a cost to the landlord not to exceed an agreed upon amount with the tenant paying any amount in excess of the agreed upon amount. In addition, landlords may rent space to a tenant that is "pre-built" (i.e., space that was constructed by the landlord in advance of lease signing and is ready to for the tenant to move in with the tenant selecting paint and carpet colors).

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Occupancy

The following table sets forth the weighted average occupancy rates at our office properties based on space leased for properties owned by us as of December 31, 2022:


	Leased Occupancy as of December 31,
Property	2022	2021
Same-Store office properties - Manhattan (1)	91.2%	93.0%
Manhattan office properties	90.7%	92.1%
Suburban office properties	79.3%	78.9%
Unconsolidated joint venture office properties	94.3%	94.1%
Portfolio (2)	90.3%	91.6%

(1)All office properties located in Manhattan owned by us as of January 1, 2021 and still owned by us in the same manner as of December 31, 2022. Percent Occupied includes leases signed but not yet commenced.

(2)Excludes properties under development.

Market Rent Trajectory

We are constantly evaluating our schedule of future lease expirations to mitigate occupancy risk while maximizing net effective rents. We proactively manage future lease expirations based on our view of estimated current and future market conditions and asking rents. The following table sets forth our future lease expirations, excluding triple net leases, and management's estimates of market asking rents. Taking rents are typically lower than asking rents and may vary from building to building. There can be no assurances that our estimates of market rents are accurate or that market rents currently prevailing will not erode or outperform in the future.


	ANNUAL LEASE EXPIRATIONS - MANHATTAN OPERATING PROPERTIES
	Consolidated Properties							Joint Venture Properties
Year of Lease Expiration	Number of Expiring Leases (1)	Rentable Square Footage of Expiring Leases	Percentage of Total Sq. Ft.		Annualized Cash Rent of Expiring Leases	Annualized Cash Rent Per Square Foot of Expiring Leases $/psf (2)	Current Weighted Average Asking Rent $/psf (3)	Number of Expiring Leases (2)	Rentable Square Footage of Expiring Leases	Percentage of Total Sq. Ft.		Annualized Cash Rent of Expiring Leases	Annualized Cash Rent Per Square Foot of Expiring Leases $/psf (2)	Current Weighted Average Asking Rent $/psf (3)

2022 (4)	13	53,301	0.60	%	$4,079,391	$76.53	$69.29	5	53,011	0.40	%	$3,872,976	$73.06	$68.96

1st Quarter 2023	12	161,834	1.80	%	$13,445,071	$83.08	$83.87	7	468,045	3.50	%	$38,824,470	$82.95	$70.54
2nd Quarter 2023	18	150,621	1.70	%	11,880,107	78.87	75.01	3	26,097	0.20	%	2,298,635	88.08	82.75
3rd Quarter 2023	21	210,174	2.30	%	10,045,563	47.80	81.88	6	51,515	0.40	%	5,701,294	110.67	99.92
4th Quarter 2023	21	411,436	4.60	%	25,311,876	61.52	66.25	8	126,298	0.90	%	12,818,602	101.49	76.94

Total 2023	72	934,065	10.40	%	$60,682,617	$64.97	$74.23	24	671,955	5.00	%	$59,643,001	$88.76	$74.47


2024	57	449,778	5.00	%	$26,549,129	$59.03	$56.77	30	1,014,470	7.60	%	$112,022,038	$110.42	$79.55
2025	62	497,644	5.60	%	43,715,047	87.84	70.36	26	425,848	3.20	%	41,695,535	97.91	85.76
2026	48	1,068,123	11.90	%	87,743,733	82.15	76.49	35	587,690	4.40	%	63,670,124	108.34	91.64
2027	56	718,866	8.00	%	57,264,515	79.66	70.68	26	283,795	2.10	%	38,193,157	134.58	110.46
2028	33	661,497	7.40	%	48,905,505	73.93	70.06	30	294,902	2.20	%	32,090,762	108.82	104.10
2029	21	400,505	4.50	%	27,172,272	67.85	63.50	17	884,966	6.60	%	66,377,729	75.01	75.37
2030	21	801,723	9.00	%	54,260,411	67.68	66.24	18	455,760	3.40	%	45,619,919	100.10	89.52
2031	16	474,630	5.30	%	34,630,194	72.96	77.71	23	2,802,003	21.00	%	205,840,767	73.46	76.24
Thereafter	62	2,885,420	32.30	%	189,149,932	65.55	66.89	76	5,869,628	44.10	%	535,962,560	91.31	97.11
	461	8,945,552	100.00	%	$634,152,746	$70.89	$69.40	310	13,344,028	100.00	%	$1,204,988,568	$90.30	$88.27

NOTE: Data excludes space currently occupied by SL Green's corporate offices

(1)Tenants may have multiple leases.

(2)Represents in place annualized rent allocated by year of expiration.

(3)Management's estimate of current average asking rents for currently occupied space as of December 31, 2022. Taking rents are typically lower than asking rents and may vary from property to property.

(4)Includes month to month holdover tenants that expired prior to December 31, 2022.

Industry Segments

The Company is a REIT that is engaged in the acquisition, development, redevelopment, repositioning, ownership, management and operation of commercial properties, principally office properties, located in the New York metropolitan area, principally Manhattan, and has two reportable segments: real estate and debt and preferred equity investments. Our industry segments are discussed in Note 21, "Segment Information," in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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As of December 31, 2022, our real estate portfolio was principally located in one geographical market, Manhattan, a borough of New York City. The Company's primary sources of real estate revenue are tenant rents, escalations and reimbursement revenue. Real estate property operating expenses consist primarily of cleaning, security, maintenance, utility costs, real estate taxes and, at certain properties, ground rent expense. As of December 31, 2022, one tenant in our office portfolio, Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS Inc.), contributed 5.4% of our share of annualized cash rent. No other tenant contributed more than 5.0% of our share of annualized cash rent. No property contributed in excess of 10.0% of our consolidated total revenue for 2022.

As of December 31, 2022, we held debt and preferred equity investments with a book value of $623.3 million, excluding debt and preferred equity investments and other financing receivables totaling $8.5 million that are included in balance sheet line items other than the Debt and preferred equity investments line item. As of December 31, 2022, the assets underlying our debt and preferred equity investments were located in New York City. The primary sources of debt and preferred equity revenue are interest and fee income.

Human Capital

Our employees are our most important asset. As we navigated through the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented new employee programs and physical office space enhancements to keep employees healthy, safe, and focused. Through the commitment of our employees, we have remained fully operational for all tenants, including the essential businesses that fill our buildings, and we were among the first employers in New York City to return 100% of our employees to the office in June 2020.

We are focused on fostering an inclusive workforce that attracts and retains highly talented and diverse individuals. We are dedicated to creating a diverse workplace where employees feel valued and accepted regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, or veteran status. We have a dual-track performance management program, which includes both ongoing goal setting and annual performance reviews for all employees. Communication, teamwork, and collaboration are the fundamental attributes that are the foundation of our company culture. We promote the professional development of our employees by offering opportunities to participate in trainings and continuing education programs. We also offer a leading benefits package that includes extensive medical coverage, mental health and wellness services, paternal benefits, and financial resources.

Our compensation program is designed to incentivize employees by offering competitive compensation comprised of fixed and variable pay including base salaries and cash bonuses. Many of our employees also receive equity awards that are subject to vesting over a multi-year period based on continued service. We believe these equity awards serve as an additional retention tool for our employees. By cultivating a work culture that prioritizes our people through training, diversity, education, and volunteerism, we have been able to retain a long-tenured staff with 44% of current employees having a tenure of five years or more and a management team that has an average tenure of 20.3 years.

As of December 31, 2022, we employed 1,137 employees, 303 of whom were employed in our corporate offices. There are currently five collective bargaining agreements which cover the union workforce that services substantially all of our properties.

Climate Change

Our assessment of climate-related issues includes physical risks, transitions risks, and associated opportunities. We believe our sustained focus on Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") issues has led to effective risk-management practices that influence strategic decisions.

The Company takes a proactive approach to climate-related risk management throughout the organization. ESG considerations are embedded into our governance structure and management responsibilities, driving our climate-related risk assessment processes and enabling comprehensive risk mitigation responses to be implemented in all relevant business segments across short-term (0-1 year), medium-term (1-15 years), and long-term (15-40 years) time horizons.

With our roots in New York City, we are at the center of one of the world's most ambitious climate legislative environments. Through the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act signed into law in 2019, New York State mandated the adoption of a net-zero carbon economy statewide by 2050, with a zero-carbon electricity grid by 2040. New York City enacted Local Law 97 (LL97) in 2019 under the Climate Mobilization Act, setting carbon caps for large buildings starting in 2024 as part of a broader commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, and by 80% by 2050. We do not anticipate any material financial impact on our portfolio in the first compliance period of 2024 to 2029.

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The Company has demonstrated a commitment to transparency on climate issues via annual public reporting informed by widely-adopted frameworks, including Global Reporting Initiative ("GRI"), Global Real Estate Benchmark ("GRESB"), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB"), and the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project). In 2021, the Company released its first Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") report structured in accordance with the 11 TCFD recommendations covering its climate governance, strategy, management, and metrics. This report, along with the Company's current ESG Report, is available under "Reports & Resources" in the "Sustainability" section on our website. The Company is also committed to setting near-term Scope 1 and Scope 2 science-based emissions reduction targets with the SBTi, which are currently in the validation process. Our goal is to reduce emissions for our operationally controlled portfolio to align it with the 1.5 degree Celsius climate scenario.

Highlights from 2022

Our significant achievements from 2022 included:

Leasing

•Signed 141 Manhattan office leases covering approximately 2.1 million square feet.

•Signed a new lease with Franklin Templeton for 347,474 square feet at One Madison Avenue.

•Signed a renewal and expansion lease with Kinney Systems, Inc. for 64,926 square feet at 555 West 57th Street.

•Signed a new lease with International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") for 328,000 square feet at One Madison Avenue.

•Signed a new lease with a global information services company for 236,026 square feet at 100 Park Avenue.

•Signed a lease renewal with UN Women for 85,522 square feet at 220 East 42nd Street.

Acquisitions

•Closed on the acquisition of 245 Park Avenue at a gross asset valuation of $2.0 billion. The Company previously had a preferred equity investment in the property with a book value of $195.6 million.

•Converted the previous mezzanine debt investment in 5 Times Square to a 31.55% common equity interest. The Company's mezzanine debt investment in the property had a book value of $139.1 million.

•Closed on the acquisition of 450 Park Avenue for $445.0 million in a newly formed joint venture. The Company retained a 25.1% in the property.

Dispositions

•Together with our joint venture partner, entered into an agreement to sell the retail condominiums at 121 Greene Street for a gross sales price of $14.0 million. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2023.

•Closed on the sale of 414,317 square feet of office leasehold condominium units at 885 Third Avenue for total consideration of $300.4 million. The Company retained the remaining 218,796 square feet of the building.

•Closed on the sale of the vacant office condominium at 609 Fifth Avenue for a gross sales price of $100.5 million.

•Conveyed 1591-1597 Broadway for a gross sales price of $121.0 million.

•Together with our joint venture partner, closed on the sale of 1080 Amsterdam Avenue for a gross sales price of $42.5 million. Simultaneously, the Company sold its remaining interests in the Stonehenge portfolio for gross consideration of $1.0 million.

•Closed on the sale of 707 Eleventh Avenue for a gross sales price of $95.0 million.

Finance

•Closed on a new $400.0 million corporate unsecured term loan facility. The facility matures in April 2024, as fully extended. In January 2023, the facility was increased by $25.0 million to $425.0 million.

•Refinanced the mortgage loan on 100 Church Street. The new $370.0 million mortgage loan, which replaced the previous $197.8 million mortgage, has a term of up to 5 years and bears interest at a floating rate of 2.00% over Term SOFR.

•Executed $2.9 billion of LIBOR or SOFR swaps and caps to mitigate the effect of rising interest rates. As a result of executed derivatives, the Company's share of net floating rate debt exposure was reduced to $1.1 billion, equating to 9.1% of total combined debt, as of December 31, 2022.

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Debt and Preferred Equity Investments

•Funded $100.5 million in debt and preferred equity investments, inclusive of advances under future funding obligations, discount and fee amortization, and paid-in-kind interest, net of premium amortization, and recorded $565.9 million of proceeds from sales, repayments and participations.

Corporate

•Repurchased 2.0 million shares of our common stock and redeemed 0.8 million units of our Operating Partnership under our $3.5 billion share repurchase program at an average price of $70.24 per share. From program inception through December 31, 2022, we have repurchased a total of 36.1 million shares of our common stock and redeemed 2.6 million units of our Operating Partnership under the program at an average price of $87.51 per share.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Declines in the demand for office space in the New York metropolitan area, and in particular midtown Manhattan, could adversely affect the value of our real estate portfolio and our results of operations and, consequently, our ability to service current debt and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

A significant majority of our property holdings are comprised of commercial office properties located in midtown Manhattan. Our property holdings also include some retail properties. As a result of the concentration of our holdings, our business is dependent on the condition of the New York metropolitan area economy in general and the market for office space in midtown Manhattan in particular. Future weakness and uncertainty in the New York metropolitan area economy could materially reduce the value of our real estate portfolio and our rental revenues, and thus adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to service our debt obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused severe disruptions with wide ranging impacts to virtually every segment of society and the global economy. Office companies in particular have been affected by the increased acceptance of flexible or hybrid work schedules, allowing employees to work remotely and collaborate through video or teleconferencing instead of in-office attendance. The continuation or further increase to remote work policies and flexible work arrangements may cause office tenants to reassess their long-term physical needs, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity, cash flows, prospects, and our ability to achieve forward-looking targets and expectations.

We may be unable to renew leases or relet space as leases expire.

If tenants decide not to renew their leases upon expiration, we may not be able to relet the space. Even if tenants do renew or we can relet the space, the terms of a renewal or new lease, taking into account among other things, the cost of improvements to the property and leasing commissions, may be less favorable than the terms in the expired leases. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 40.8% of the rentable square feet at our consolidated properties and approximately 23.5% of the rentable square feet at our unconsolidated joint venture properties are scheduled to expire by December 31, 2027. As of December 31, 2022, these leases had annualized escalated rent totaling $305.2 million and $438.1 million, respectively. In addition, changes in space utilization by tenants may cause us to incur substantial costs in renovating or redesigning the internal configuration of the relevant property in order to renew or relet space. If we are unable to promptly renew the leases or relet the space at similar rates or if we incur substantial costs in renewing or reletting the space, our cash flow and ability to service our debt obligations and pay dividends and distributions to security holders could be adversely affected.

We face significant competition for tenants.

The leasing of real estate is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors are rent, location, lease term, lease concessions, services provided and the nature and condition of the property to be leased. We directly compete with all owners, developers and operators of similar space in the areas in which our properties are located.

Our commercial office properties are concentrated in highly developed areas of the New York metropolitan area. Manhattan is the largest office market in the United States. The number of competitive office properties in the New York metropolitan area, which may be newer or better located than our properties, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to lease office space at our properties, and on the effective rents we are able to charge.

The expiration of long term leases or operating sublease interests where we do not own a fee interest in the land could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our interests in certain properties are entirely or partially comprised of either long-term leasehold or operating sublease interests in the land and the improvements, rather than by ownership of fee interest in the land. As of December 31, 2022, the expiration dates of these long-term leases range from 2043 to 2119, including the effect of our unilateral extension rights at each of these properties. Pursuant to the leasehold arrangements, we, as tenant under the long-term leasehold or the operating sublease, perform the functions traditionally performed by landlords with respect to our subtenants. We are responsible for not only collecting rent from our subtenants, but also maintaining the property and paying expenses relating to the property. Annualized cash rents, including our share of joint venture annualized cash rents, from properties held through long-term leases or operating sublease interests as of December 31, 2022 totaled $258.2 million, or 18.3%, of our share of total Portfolio annualized cash rent. Unless we purchase a fee interest in the underlying land or extend the terms of these leases prior to expiration, we will no longer operate these properties upon expiration of the leases, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Rent payments under leasehold or operating sublease interests are adjusted, within the parameters of the contractual arrangements, at certain intervals. Rent adjustments may result in higher rents that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.

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We rely on five large properties for a significant portion of our revenue.

Five of our properties, One Vanderbilt Avenue, 245 Park Avenue, 11 Madison Avenue, 420 Lexington Avenue, and 1515 Broadway accounted for 40.0% of our Portfolio annualized cash rent, which includes our share of joint venture annualized cash rent, as of December 31, 2022.

Our revenue and cash available to service debt obligations and for distribution to our stockholders would be materially adversely affected if any of these properties were materially damaged or destroyed. Additionally, our revenue and cash available to service debt obligations and for distribution to our stockholders would be materially adversely affected if tenants at these properties fail to timely make rental payments due to adverse financial conditions or otherwise, default under their leases or file for bankruptcy or become insolvent.

Our results of operations rely on major tenants and insolvency or bankruptcy of these or other tenants could adversely affect our results of operations.

Giving effect to leases in effect as of December 31, 2022 for consolidated properties and unconsolidated joint venture properties, as of that date, our five largest tenants, based on annualized cash rent, accounted for 14.1% of our share of Portfolio annualized cash rent, with one tenant, Paramount Global (formerly ViacomCBS Inc.), accounting for 5.4% of our share of Portfolio annualized cash rent. Our business and results of operations would be adversely affected if any of our major tenants became insolvent, declared bankruptcy, or otherwise refused to pay rent in a timely fashion or at all. In addition, if business conditions in the industries in which our tenants are concentrated deteriorate, or economic volatility has a disproportionate impact on our tenants, we may experience increases in past due accounts, defaults, lower occupancy and reduced effective rents across tenants in such industries, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Construction is in progress at our development projects.

The Company's development projects are subject to internal and external factors which may affect construction progress. Unforeseen matters could delay completion, result in increased costs or otherwise have a material effect on our results of operations. In addition, the extended time frame to complete these projects could cause them to be subject to shifts and trends in the real estate market which may not be consistent with our current business plans for the properties.

We are subject to risks that affect the retail environment.

While only 3.5% of our Portfolio annualized cash rent is generated by retail properties, principally in Manhattan, we are subject to risks that affect the retail environment generally, including the level of consumer spending and preferences, consumer confidence, electronic retail competition, levels of tourism in Manhattan, and governmental measures aimed at slowing the spread of COVID-19. These factors could adversely affect the financial condition of our retail tenants and the willingness of retailers to lease space in our retail properties, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to the risk of adverse changes in economic and geopolitical conditions in general and the commercial office markets in particular.

Our business has been affected by the ongoing volatility in the U.S. financial and credit markets and other market, economic, or political challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole, including changes in law and policy and uncertainty in connection with any such changes. Periods of economic weakness or volatility result in reduced access to credit and/or wider credit spreads. Economic or political uncertainty, including concern about growth and the stability of the markets generally and changes in interest rates, have led lenders and institutional investors to reduce and, in some cases, cease to provide funding to borrowers, which adversely affects our liquidity and financial condition, and the liquidity and financial condition of our tenants. Specifically, our business, like other real estate businesses, is affected by the following conditions:

•significant job losses or declining rates of job creation, which decrease demand for office space, causing market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;

•the ability to borrow on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, which reduces our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reducing our returns from both our existing operations and our acquisition and development activities and increasing our future interest expense; and

•reduced values of our properties, which limits our ability to dispose of assets at acceptable prices and to obtain debt financing secured by our properties.

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Leasing office space to smaller and growth-oriented businesses could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

Some of the tenants in our properties are smaller, growth-oriented businesses that may not have the financial strength of larger corporate tenants. Smaller companies generally experience a higher rate of failure than larger businesses. Growth-oriented firms may also seek other office space as they develop. Leasing office space to these companies creates a higher risk of tenant defaults, turnover and bankruptcies, which could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

We may suffer adverse consequences if our revenues decline since our operating costs do not decline in proportion to our revenue.

We earn a significant portion of our income from renting our properties. Our operating costs, however, do not fluctuate in proportion to changes in our rental revenue. If revenues decline more than expenses, we may be forced to borrow to cover our costs, we may incur losses or we may not have cash available to service our debt obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Competition for acquisitions may reduce the number of acquisition opportunities available to us and increase the costs of those acquisitions.

We may acquire properties when we are presented with attractive opportunities. We may face competition for acquisition opportunities from other investors, particularly those investors who are willing to incur more leverage, and this competition may adversely affect us by subjecting us to the following risks:

•an inability to acquire a desired property because of competition from other well-capitalized real estate investors, including publicly traded and privately held REITs, private real estate funds, domestic and foreign financial institutions, life insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds, pension trusts, partnerships and individual investors; and

•an increase in the purchase price for such acquisition property.

If we are unable to successfully acquire additional properties, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

We face risks associated with property acquisitions.

Our acquisition activities may not be successful if we are unable to meet required closing conditions or unable to finance acquisitions and developments of properties on favorable terms or at all. Additionally, we have less visibility into the future performance of acquired properties than properties that we have owned for a period of time, and therefore, recently acquired properties may not be as profitable as our existing portfolio.

Further, we may acquire properties subject to both known and unknown liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse to the seller. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us arising from our ownership of those properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our cash flow. Unknown liabilities with respect to properties acquired might include:

•claims by tenants, vendors or other persons arising from dealing with the former owners of the properties;

•liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business;

•claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties; and

•liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination.

Limitations on our ability to sell or reduce the indebtedness on specific properties could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

In connection with past and future acquisitions of interests in properties, we have or may agree to restrictions on our ability to sell or refinance the acquired properties for certain periods. These limitations could result in us holding properties which we would otherwise sell, or prevent us from paying down or refinancing existing indebtedness, any of which may have adverse consequences on our business and result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Potential losses may not be covered by insurance.

We maintain “all-risk” property and rental value coverage (including coverage regarding the perils of flood, earthquake and terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological terrorism ("NBCR")) within two property insurance programs and liability insurance. Separate property and liability coverage may be purchased on a stand-alone basis for certain assets, such as development projects. Additionally, one of our captive insurance companies, Belmont Insurance Company, or Belmont, provides coverage for NBCR terrorist acts above a specified trigger. Belmont's retention is reinsured by our other captive insurance company, Ticonderoga Insurance Company ("Ticonderoga"). If Belmont or Ticonderoga are required to pay a claim under our insurance policies, we would ultimately record the loss to the extent of required payments. There is no assurance that in the future we will be able to procure coverage at a reasonable cost. Further, if we experience losses that are uninsured or that exceed policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. Additionally, our debt instruments contain customary covenants requiring us to maintain insurance and we could default under our debt instruments if the cost and/or availability of certain types of insurance make it impractical or impossible to comply with such covenants relating to insurance. Belmont and Ticonderoga provide coverage solely on properties owned, in whole or in part, by the Company or its affiliates.

Furthermore, with respect to certain of our properties, including certain properties held by joint ventures or subject to triple net leases, insurance coverage is obtained by a third-party and we do not control the coverage. While we may have agreements with such third parties to maintain adequate coverage and we monitor these policies, such coverage ultimately may not be maintained or adequately cover our risk of loss.

The occurrence of a terrorist attack may adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to generate cash flow.

Our operations are primarily concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. In the aftermath of a terrorist attack or other acts of terrorism or war, tenants in the New York metropolitan area may choose to relocate their business to less populated, lower-profile areas of the United States that those tenants believe are not as likely to be targets of future terrorist activity. In addition, economic activity could decline as a result of terrorist attacks or other acts of terrorism or war, or the perceived threat of such acts. Each of these impacts could in turn trigger a decrease in the demand for space in the New York metropolitan area, which could increase vacancies in our properties and force us to lease our properties on less favorable terms. While under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019, insurers must make terrorism insurance available under their property and casualty insurance policies, this legislation does not regulate the pricing of such insurance. The absence of affordable terrorism insurance coverage may adversely affect the general real estate lending market, lending volume and the market's overall liquidity and, in the event of an uninsured loss, we could lose all or a portion of our assets. Furthermore, we may also experience increased costs in relation to security equipment and personnel. As a result, the value of our properties and our results of operations could materially decline.

We face possible risks associated with the natural disasters and the effects of climate change.

We are subject to risks associated with natural disasters and the effects of climate change, which can include storms, hurricanes and flooding, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience increases in storm intensity and rising sea-levels. Over time, these conditions could result in declining demand for office space in our buildings or our inability to operate the buildings at all. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of energy at our properties and requiring us to expend funds as we seek to repair and protect our properties against such risks. Any of these direct or indirect effects of climate change may have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations or business.

We may incur significant costs to comply with climate change initiatives, and in particular those implemented in New York City.

Numerous states and municipalities have adopted laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction targets. In particular, through the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act signed into law in 2019, New York State mandated the adoption of a net-zero carbon economy statewide by 2050, with a zero-carbon electricity grid by 2040. New York City enacted Local Law 97 (LL97) in 2019 under the Climate Mobilization Act, setting carbon caps for large buildings starting in 2024 as part of a broader commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, and by 80% by 2050. As our portfolio is principally located in Manhattan, our business is subject to transition risks related to these climate change policies. If we are unable to meet the required emissions reductions, we may be subject to material fines that will continue to be assessed each year we fail to comply. Additionally, even if we can achieve compliance under LL97 in a given year, it is not a certainty that we will remain in compliance in subsequent years. And, costs of compliance or penalties may be significant.

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We face potential conflicts of interest.

There are potential conflicts of interest between us and Stephen L. Green.

There is a potential conflict of interest relating to the disposition of certain property contributed to us by Stephen L. Green and affiliated entities in our initial public offering. Mr. Green serves as a member and as the chairman emeritus of our Board of Directors. If we sell a property in a transaction in which a taxable gain is recognized, for tax purposes the built-in gain would be allocated solely to him and not to us. As a result, Mr. Green has a conflict of interest if the sale of a property he contributed is in our best interest but not his.

In addition, Mr. Green's tax basis includes his share of debt, including mortgage indebtedness, owed by the Operating Partnership. If the Operating Partnership were to retire such debt, then he would experience a decrease in his share of liabilities, which, for tax purposes, would be treated as a distribution of cash to him. To the extent the deemed distribution of cash exceeded his tax basis, he would recognize gain. As a result, Mr. Green has a conflict of interest if the refinancing of indebtedness is in our best interest but not his.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Debt financing, financial covenants, degree of leverage, and increases in interest rates could adversely affect our economic performance.

Scheduled debt payments could adversely affect our results of operations.

Cash flow could be insufficient to meet the payments of principal and interest required under our current mortgages, our 2021 credit facility, 2022 term loan, our senior unsecured notes, our debentures and indebtedness outstanding at our joint venture properties. The total principal amount of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness was $5.6 billion as of December 31, 2022, consisting of $1.7 billion in unsecured bank term loans, $0.1 billion under our senior unsecured notes, $0.1 billion of junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, $3.2 billion of non-recourse mortgages and loans payable on certain of our properties and debt and preferred equity investments, $450.0 million drawn under our revolving credit facility, and $2.0 million of outstanding letters of credit. In addition, we could increase the amount of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness in the future, in part by borrowing under the revolving credit facility portion of our 2021 credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, the total principal amount of non-recourse indebtedness outstanding at the joint venture properties was $12.5 billion, of which our proportionate share was $6.2 billion. As of December 31, 2022, we had no recourse indebtedness outstanding at our unconsolidated joint venture properties.

If we are unable to make payments under our 2021 credit facility and 2022 term loan, all amounts due and owing at such time shall accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to 2% higher than the rate applicable immediately prior to the default. If we are unable to make payments under our senior unsecured notes, the principal and unpaid interest will become immediately payable. If a property is mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness and we are unable to meet mortgage payments, the mortgagee could foreclose on the property, resulting in loss of income and asset value. Foreclosure on mortgaged properties or an inability to make payments under our 2021 credit facility, 2022 term loan or our senior unsecured notes could trigger defaults under the terms of our other financings, making such financings at risk of being declared immediately payable, and would have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to refinance existing indebtedness, which may require substantial principal payments at maturity. $260.1 million of consolidated mortgage debt and $1.1 billion of unconsolidated joint venture debt is scheduled to mature in 2023 after giving effect to our as-of-right extension options and repayments and refinancing of consolidated and joint venture debt between December 31, 2022 and February 15, 2023 as discussed in the "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" section. At the present time, we intend to repay, refinance, or exercise extension options on the debt associated with our properties on or prior to their respective maturity dates. At the time of refinancing, prevailing interest rates or other factors, such as the possible reluctance of lenders to make commercial real estate loans, may result in higher interest rates. Increased interest expense on the extended or refinanced debt would adversely affect cash flow and our ability to service debt obligations and pay dividends and distributions to security holders. If any principal payments due at maturity cannot be repaid, refinanced or extended, our cash flow will not be sufficient to repay maturing or accelerated debt.

Financial covenants could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

The mortgages and mezzanine loans on our properties generally contain customary negative covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage the properties, to enter into material leases without lender consent or materially modify existing leases, among other things. In addition, our 2021 credit facility, 2022 term loan and senior unsecured notes contain restrictions and requirements on our method of operations. Our 2021 credit facility and our unsecured notes also require us to maintain designated ratios, including but not limited to, total debt-to-assets, debt service coverage and unencumbered assets-to-unsecured debt. These restrictions could adversely affect operations (including reducing our flexibility and our ability to incur additional debt), our ability to pay debt obligations and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

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Rising interest rates could adversely affect our cash flow.

Advances under our 2021 credit facility, 2022 term loan and certain property-level mortgage debt bear interest at a variable rate. After giving effect to derivatives, our consolidated variable rate borrowings totaled $0.5 billion as of December 31, 2022. In addition, we could increase the amount of our outstanding variable rate debt in the future, in part by borrowing additional amounts under our 2021 credit facility. Borrowings under our revolving credit facility and three term loans bore interest at the adjusted term SOFR plus 10 basis points, and the applicable spreads of 105 basis points, 120 basis points, 125 basis points, and 140 basis points, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, borrowings under our term loans and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures totaled $1.7 billion and $100.0 million, respectively. We may incur indebtedness in the future that also bears interest at a variable rate or may be required to refinance our debt at higher rates. If we were to incur variable rate indebtedness in the future, we may seek to enter into derivative instruments to mitigate the effect of such variable rate debt. However, such derivative instruments may not be available on favorable terms or at all. As of December 31, 2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across each of our variable interest rate instruments, including our variable rate debt and preferred equity investments which mitigate our exposure to interest rate changes, would increase our net annual interest costs by $3.5 million and would increase our share of joint venture annual interest costs by $6.5 million. Our joint ventures may also incur variable rate debt and face similar risks. Accordingly, increases in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions and our ability to continue to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

The planned phasing out of LIBOR may affect our financial results.

In March 2021, ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the Federal Reserve Board and the FCA, announced plans to extend the publication of certain USD LIBOR settings until June 30, 2023 after which LIBOR reference rates will cease to be provided. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes or the establishment of alternative reference rates.

The Alternative Reference Rate Committee ("ARRC"), a committee convened by the Federal Reserve that includes major market participants, and on which the SEC staff and other regulators participate, has proposed an alternative rate, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), to replace U.S. Dollar LIBOR. Any changes announced by the FCA, ARRC, other regulators or any other successor governance or oversight body, or future changes adopted by such body, in the method pursuant to which U.S. Dollar LIBOR, SOFR, or any other alternative rates are determined may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in the reported LIBOR rates. If that were to occur, the levels of interest payments we incur and interest payments we receive may change. It is also uncertain whether SOFR or any other alternative rate will gain market acceptance and may result in, among other things, volatility or illiquidity in markets for instruments that currently rely on LIBOR. In addition, although certain of our LIBOR based obligations and investments provide for alternative methods of calculating the interest rate if LIBOR is not reported, uncertainty as to the extent and manner of future changes may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher than, lower than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the interest rates and/or payments that would have been made on our obligations if LIBOR rate was available in its current form. We may also need to renegotiate our LIBOR based obligations, which we may not be successful in doing on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us.

Borrowings under our existing term loan and revolving credit facilities bear interest at a rate based on the term SOFR, which is a relatively new reference rate. The publication of SOFR began in April 2019, and, therefore, it has a very limited history. The future performance of SOFR cannot be predicted based on the limited historical performance. Since the initial publication of SOFR, changes in SOFR have, on occasion, been more volatile than changes in other benchmark or market rates, such as US dollar LIBOR. As a result, the amount of interest we may pay on our credit facilities is difficult to predict.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect results of operations.

The interest rate hedge instruments we use to manage some of our exposure to interest rate volatility involve risk and counterparties may fail to perform under these arrangements. In addition, these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes. When existing interest rate hedges terminate, we may incur increased costs in putting in place further interest rate hedges. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of operations.

Increases in our leverage could adversely affect our stock price.

Our organizational documents do not contain any limitation on the amount of indebtedness we may incur. We consider many factors when making decisions regarding the incurrence of indebtedness, such as the purchase price of properties to be acquired with debt financing, the estimated market value of our properties and the ability of particular properties and our business as a whole to generate cash flow to cover expected debt service. Any changes that increase our leverage could be viewed negatively by investors and could have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the trading price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

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A downgrade in our credit ratings could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our credit rating and the credit ratings assigned to our debt securities and our preferred stock could change based upon, among other things, our results of operations and financial condition. These ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and any rating could be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant such action. If any of the credit rating agencies that have rated our securities downgrades or lowers its credit rating, or if any credit rating agency indicates that it has placed any such rating on a “watch list” for a possible downgrading or lowering, or otherwise indicates that its outlook for that rating is negative, such action could have a material adverse effect on our costs and availability of funding, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the trading price of our securities and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Debt and preferred equity investments could cause us to incur expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We held first mortgages, mezzanine loans, junior participations and preferred equity interests with an aggregate net book value of $623.3 million as of December 31, 2022. Some of these instruments may have some recourse to their sponsors, while others are limited to the collateral securing the loan. In the event of a default under these obligations, we may have to take possession of the collateral securing these interests. Borrowers may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against such enforcement and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce their obligations to us. Declines in the value of the property may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our investment upon foreclosure or realization even if we make substantial improvements or repairs to the underlying real estate in order to maximize such property's investment potential. In addition, we may invest in mortgage-backed securities and other marketable securities.

Our debt and preferred equity investments are carried at the net amounts expected to be collected. We maintain and regularly evaluate the need for reserves to protect against potential future credit losses. Our reserves reflect management's judgment of the probability and severity of losses and the value of the underlying collateral. We cannot be certain that our judgment will prove to be correct and that our reserves will be adequate over time to protect against future credit losses because of unanticipated adverse changes in the economy or events adversely affecting specific properties, assets, tenants, borrowers, industries in which our tenants and borrowers operate or markets in which our tenants and borrowers or their properties are located. The ultimate resolutions may differ from our expectation, and we could suffer losses which would have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, the trading price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Joint investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority and reliance upon a co-venturer's financial condition.

We co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures, co-tenancies or other structures, and by acquiring non-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of, a property, partnership, joint venture, co-tenancy or other entity. Therefore, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding such property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities may involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that our partners, co-tenants or co-venturers might file for bankruptcy protection or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Additionally, our partners or co-venturers might at any time have economic or other business interests or goals which are competitive or inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions such as a sale, because neither we, nor the partner, co-tenant or co-venturer would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, we may in specific circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners, co-tenants or co-venturers. As of December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate cost basis in joint ventures totaling $3.2 billion.

Certain of our joint venture agreements contain terms in favor of our partners that could have an adverse effect on the value of our investments in the joint ventures.

Each of our joint venture agreements has been individually negotiated with our partner in the joint venture and, in some cases, we have agreed to terms that are more favorable to our partner in the joint venture than to us. For example, our partner may be entitled to a specified portion of the profits of the joint venture before we are entitled to any portion of such profits. We may also enter into similar arrangements in the future.

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We are dependent on external sources of capital.

We need a substantial amount of capital to operate and grow our business. This need is exacerbated by the distribution requirements imposed on us for SL Green to qualify as a REIT. We therefore rely on third-party sources of capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of things, including the market's perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings. In addition, we may raise money in the public equity and debt markets and our ability to do so will depend upon the general conditions prevailing in these markets. At any time, conditions may exist which effectively prevent us, or REITs in general, from accessing these markets. Moreover, additional equity offerings may result in substantial dilution of our stockholders' interests, and additional debt financing may substantially increase our leverage.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

We depend on dividends and distributions from our direct and indirect subsidiaries.

Substantially all of our assets are held through subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership. We are, therefore, dependent on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and their ability to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends paid through our Operating Partnership, loans or otherwise, to meet our obligations and to pay any dividends to our equity holders. Any distributions to us from those subsidiaries may be subject to contractual and other restrictions, including such subsidiaries' obligations to their creditors, and could be subject to other business and operational considerations. Additionally, our Operating Partnership's ability to distribute to us any cash that it receives from our subsidiaries will also depend on its ability to first satisfy its obligations to its creditors and make distributions payable to holders of its outstanding preferred units and any additional preferred units it may issue from time to time.

In addition, our participation in any distribution of the assets of any of our direct or indirect subsidiaries upon any liquidation, reorganization or insolvency is only after the claims of the creditors, including trade creditors and preferred security holders, are satisfied.

Our charter documents, debt instruments and applicable law may hinder any attempt to acquire us, which could discourage takeover attempts and prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium over the market price of our stock.

Provisions of our charter and bylaws could inhibit changes in control.

A change of control of our company could benefit stockholders by providing them with a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our stock. However, provisions contained in our charter and bylaws may delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions, discussed more fully below, are:

•Ownership limitations;

•Maryland takeover statutes that may prevent a change of control of our company; and

•Contractual provisions that limit the assumption of certain of our debt.

We have a stock ownership limit.

To remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of any taxable year. For this purpose, stock may be "owned" directly, as well as indirectly under certain constructive ownership rules, including, for example, rules that attribute stock held by one shareholder to another shareholder. In part to avoid violating this rule regarding stock ownership limitations and maintain our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or indirect ownership by any single stockholder of more than 9.0% in value or number of shares of our common stock. Limitations on the ownership of preferred stock may also be imposed by us.

Our board of directors has the discretion to raise or waive this limitation on ownership for any stockholder if deemed to be in our best interest. Our board of directors has granted such waivers from time to time. To obtain a waiver, a stockholder must present the board and our tax counsel with evidence that ownership in excess of this limit will not affect our present or future REIT status.

Absent any exemption or waiver, stock acquired or held in excess of the limit on ownership will be transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of a designated charitable beneficiary, and the stockholder's rights to distributions and to vote would terminate. The stockholder would be entitled to receive, from the proceeds of any subsequent sale of the shares transferred to the charitable trust, the lesser of: the price paid for the stock or, if the owner did not pay for the stock, the market price of the stock on the date of the event causing the stock to be transferred to the charitable trust; and the amount realized from the sale.

This limitation on ownership of stock could delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

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Maryland takeover statutes may prevent a change of control of our company, which could depress our stock price.

Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, or the MGCL, "business combinations" between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:

•any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation's outstanding voting stock; or

•an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approves in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder.

After the five year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

•80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation, voting together as a single group; and

•two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer, including potential acquisitions that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

In addition, the MGCL provides that holders of "control shares" of a Maryland corporation acquired in a "control share acquisition" will not have voting rights with respect to the control shares except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock owned by the acquiror, by officers of the corporation or by directors who are employees of the corporation. "Control shares" means voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third; (ii) one-third or more but less than a majority; or (iii) a majority or more of all voting power. A "control share acquisition" means the acquisition of ownership of, or the power to direct the exercise of voting power with respect to, issued and outstanding control shares, subject to certain exceptions.

We have opted out of the "business combinations" and "control shares" provisions of the MGCL by resolution of our board of directors and a provision in our bylaws, respectively. However, in the future, our board of directors may reverse its decision by resolution and elect to opt in to the MGCL's business combination provisions, or amend our bylaws and elect to opt in to the MGCL's control share provisions.

Additionally, other provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain other takeover defenses, some of which have been implemented through provisions in our charter or bylaws unrelated to the provisions of the MGCL. Such takeover defenses, to the extent implemented now or in the future, may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making us an acquisition proposal or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with an opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price.

Contractual provisions that limit the assumption of certain of our debt may prevent a change in control.

Certain of our consolidated debt is not assumable and may be subject to significant prepayment penalties. These limitations could deter a change in control of our company.

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SL Green's failure to qualify as a REIT would be costly and would have a significant effect on the value of our securities.

We believe we have operated in a manner for SL Green to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and intend to continue to so operate. Many of the REIT compliance requirements, however, are highly technical and complex. The determination that SL Green is a REIT requires an analysis of factual matters and circumstances. These matters, some of which are not totally within our control, can affect SL Green's qualification as a REIT. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income must come from designated sources that are listed in the applicable tax laws. We are also required to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income excluding capital gains. The fact that we hold our assets through the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries further complicates the application of the REIT requirements. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, Congress and the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, might make changes to the tax laws and regulations that make it more difficult, or impossible, for us to remain qualified as a REIT.

If SL Green fails to qualify as a REIT, the funds available for distribution to our stockholders would be substantially reduced as we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates and possibly increased state and local taxes.

Also, unless the IRS grants us relief under specific statutory provisions, SL Green would remain disqualified as a REIT for four years following the year in which SL Green first failed to qualify. If SL Green failed to qualify as a REIT, SL Green would have to pay significant income taxes and would therefore have less money available for investments, to service debt obligations or to pay dividends and distributions to security holders. This would have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities. In addition, the REIT tax laws would no longer obligate us to make any distributions to stockholders. As a result of all these factors, if SL Green fails to qualify as a REIT, this could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital.

We may in the future pay taxable dividends on our common stock in common stock and cash.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to annually distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. In order to avoid taxation of our income, we are required to annually distribute to our stockholders all of our taxable income, including net capital gains. In order to satisfy these requirements, we have, and in the future may make distributions that are payable partly in cash and partly in shares of our common stock. If we pay such a dividend, taxable stockholders would be required to include the entire amount of the dividend, including the portion paid with shares of common stock, as income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, and may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received.

RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS

We may incur costs to comply with governmental laws and regulations.

We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental and health and safety laws that can impose liability on current and former property owners or operators for the clean-up of certain hazardous substances released on a property or of contamination at any facility (e.g., a landfill) to which we have sent hazardous substances for treatment or disposal, without regard to fault or whether the release or disposal was in compliance with law. Being held responsible for such a clean-up could result in significant cost to us and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our properties may be subject to risks relating to current or future laws, including laws benefiting disabled persons, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, and state or local zoning, construction or other regulations. Compliance with such laws may require significant property modifications in the future, which could be costly. Non-compliance could result in fines being levied against us in the future.

Compliance with changing or new regulations applicable to corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses, or affect our operations.

Changing or new laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including SEC regulations and NYSE rules, can create uncertainty for public companies. These changed or new laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases due to their lack of specificity. As a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, which could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure. If our efforts to comply with new or changed laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, our reputation may be harmed.

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Our efforts to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. In particular, our continued efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related regulations regarding our required assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting and our external auditors' audit of that assessment have required the commitment of significant financial and managerial resources. We expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. Further, our directors, chief executive officer and chief financial officer could face an increased risk of personal liability in connection with the performance of their duties. As a result, we may have difficulty attracting and retaining qualified directors and executive officers, which could harm our business.

Our property taxes could increase due to reassessment or property tax rate changes.

We are required to pay real property taxes or payments in lieu of taxes in respect of our properties and such taxes may increase as our properties are reassessed by taxing authorities or as property tax rates change. An increase in the assessed value of our properties or our property tax rates could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations.

Between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022, the closing sale price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, ranged from $32.94 to $83.95 per share. Our stock price may fluctuate in response to a number of events and factors, such as those described elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section. Equity issuances or buybacks by us or the perception that such issuances or buybacks may occur may also affect the market price of our common stock.

Future issuances of common stock, preferred stock and convertible debt could dilute existing stockholders' interests.

Our charter authorizes our Board of Directors to issue additional shares of common stock, preferred stock and convertible equity or debt without stockholder approval and without the requirement to offer rights of pre-emption to existing stockholders. Any such issuance could dilute our existing stockholders' interests. Also, any future series of preferred stock may have voting provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company.

Changes in market conditions could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As with other publicly traded equity securities, the value of our common stock depends on various market conditions, which may change from time to time. In addition to the current economic environment and future volatility in the securities and credit markets, the following market conditions may affect the value of our common stock:

•the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies;

•our financial performance; and

•general stock and bond market conditions.

The market value of our common stock is based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the market's perception of the current and future value of our assets, our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings and cash dividends. Consequently, our common stock may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per share of common stock.

Changes to U.S. federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect us and our stockholders.

U.S. federal income tax laws and the rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are continually under review by Congress, the IRS, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our assets.

Loss of our key personnel could harm our operations and our stock price.

We are dependent on the efforts of Marc Holliday, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Andrew W. Mathias, our president. These officers have employment agreements which expire in January 2025 and December 2023, respectively. A loss of the services of either of these individuals could adversely affect our operations and could be negatively perceived by the market resulting in a decrease in our stock price.

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Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures or cyber security attacks.

Despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our internal information technology systems, our systems are vulnerable to a number of risks including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures and cyber attacks and intrusions, such as computer viruses, malware, attachments to e-mails, intrusion and unauthorized access, including from persons inside our organization or from persons outside our organization with access to our systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attacks and intrusions, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and instructions from around the world have increased. Our systems are critical to the operation of our business and any system failure, accident or security breach that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption to our business. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, loss or misuse of the information (which may be confidential, proprietary and/or commercially sensitive in nature) and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.

Forward-looking statements may prove inaccurate.

See Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Forward-looking Information," for additional disclosure regarding forward-looking statements.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

As of December 31, 2022, we did not have any unresolved comments with the staff of the SEC.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our Portfolio

General

As of December 31, 2022, we owned or held interests in 13 consolidated commercial office buildings encompassing approximately 10.0 million rentable square feet and 12 unconsolidated commercial office buildings encompassing approximately 14.0 million rentable square feet located primarily in midtown Manhattan. Many of these buildings include some amount of retail space on the lower floors, as well as basement/storage space. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio also included ownership interests in one consolidated property, encompassing seven commercial office buildings totaling approximately 0.9 million rentable square feet, in Stamford Connecticut, which we refer to as our Suburban property. Some of these buildings also include a small amount of retail space on the lower floors, as well as basement/storage space.

As of December 31, 2022, we also owned or held interests in 11 prime retail properties encompassing approximately 0.3 million square feet, 8 buildings in differing stages of development or redevelopment encompassing approximately 4.4 million square feet, and 1 residential building encompassing 209 units (approximately 0.1 million square feet). In addition, we manage one office building owned by third parties encompassing approximately 0.3 million square feet and held debt and preferred equity investments with a book value of $623.3 million, excluding $8.5 million of investments recorded in balance sheet line items other than the Debt and preferred equity investments line item.

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The following tables set forth certain information with respect to each of the Manhattan and Suburban office, prime retail, residential, development and redevelopment properties in the portfolio as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):


Manhattan Properties	Year Built/ Renovated	City/ Town	Approximate Rentable Square Feet	Percent Occupied (1)	Annualized Cash Rent (2)		Percent of Portfolio Annualized Cash Rent (3)	Number of Tenants	Annualized Cash Rent per Leased Square Foot (4)
CONSOLIDATED OFFICE PROPERTIES
"Same Store"
100 Church Street	1959/2010	Downtown	1,047,500	90.3%	$	45,818	3.6%	18	$	45.38
110 Greene Street	1908/1920	Soho	223,600	86.1	16,452		1.3	53	90.60
125 Park Avenue	1923/2006	Grand Central	604,245	95.7	45,962		3.6	25	74.43
304 Park Avenue South	1930	Midtown South	215,000	100.0	18,231		1.4	7	84.20
420 Lexington Ave (Graybar)	1927/1999	Grand Central North	1,188,000	85.0	80,559		6.3	169	64.67
461 Fifth Avenue	1988	Midtown	200,000	77.1	14,311		1.1	13	89.09
485 Lexington Avenue	1956/2006	Grand Central North	921,000	76.6	47,744		3.7	27	68.20
555 West 57th Street	1971	Midtown West	941,000	96.8	53,847		4.2	9	52.41
711 Third Avenue (5)	1955	Grand Central North	524,000	94.7	35,735		2.8	22	64.88
810 Seventh Avenue	1970	Times Square	692,000	86.5	42,664		3.3	42	74.16
1185 Avenue of the Americas	1969	Rockefeller Center	1,062,000	69.3	65,087		5.1	12	84.36
1350 Avenue of the Americas	1966	Rockefeller Center	562,000	88.1	40,301		3.2	44	82.07




Subtotal / Weighted Average			8,180,345	86.0%	$	506,711	39.6%	441
"Non Same Store"
245 Park Avenue	1966	Park Avenue	1,782,793	83.9%	$	127,442	10.0%	17	$	91.18


Subtotal / Weighted Average			1,782,793	83.9%	$	127,442	10.0%	17

Total / Weighted Average Manhattan Consolidated Office Properties			9,963,138	85.7%	$	634,153	49.6%	458	$	70.89

UNCONSOLIDATED OFFICE PROPERTIES
"Same Store"
2 Herald Square—51.00%	1909	Herald Square	369,000	84.6%	$	30,952	1.2%	5	$	97.28
10 East 53rd Street—55.00%	1972/2014	Plaza District	354,300	96.0	31,717		1.4	39	86.24
11 Madison Avenue—60.00%	1929	Park Avenue South	2,314,000	96.4	166,939		7.8	9	75.84
100 Park Avenue—50.00%	1950/1980	Grand Central South	834,000	84.2	60,820		2.4	36	81.88
280 Park Avenue—50.00%	1961	Park Avenue	1,219,158	95.9	130,909		5.1	38	106.88
800 Third Avenue—60.50%	1972/2006	Grand Central North	526,000	84.2	35,896		1.7	37	76.03
919 Third Avenue—51.00%	1970	Grand Central North	1,454,000	99.9	114,175		4.6	8	73.13
1515 Broadway—56.90%	1972	Times Square	1,750,000	99.7	131,316		5.8	7	73.68
Worldwide Plaza—25.00%	1989/2013	Westside	2,048,725	91.7	143,914		2.8	21	82.42


Subtotal / Weighted Average			10,869,183	94.5%	$	846,638	32.8%	200
"Non Same Store"
One Vanderbilt Avenue—71.01%	2020	Grand Central	1,657,198	96.8%	$	254,573	14.1%	38	$	161.83
220 East 42nd Street—51.00%	1929	Grand Central	1,135,000	92.6%	70,233		2.8	36	63.71
450 Park Avenue—25.10%	1972	Park Avenue	337,000	79.8	33,545		0.7	22	133.18
Subtotal / Weighted Average			3,129,198	93.4%	$	358,351	17.6%	96
Total / Weighted Average Unconsolidated Office Properties			13,998,381	94.3%	$	1,204,989	50.4%	296	$	90.30
Manhattan Office Grand Total / Weighted Average			23,961,519	90.7%	$	1,839,142	100.0%	754
Manhattan Office Grand Total—SLG share of Annualized Rent					$	1,278,993	100.0%
Manhattan Office Same Store Occupancy %—Combined			19,049,528	90.9%

Table of Contents


Suburban Properties	Year Built/ Renovated	City/ Town	Approximate Rentable Square Feet	Percent Occupied (1)	Annualized Cash Rent (2)		Percent of Portfolio Annualized Cash Rent (3)	Number of Tenants	Annualized Cash Rent per Leased Square Foot (4)
CONSOLIDATED OFFICE PROPERTIES
"Same Store" Connecticut
Landmark Square	1973-1984	Stamford	862,800	79.3%	$	19,560	100.0%	107	$	34.44
Connecticut Subtotal/Weighted Average			862,800	79.3%	$	19,560	100.0%	107






Total / Weighted Average Consolidated Office Properties			862,800	79.3%	$	19,560	100.0%	107




Suburban Grand Total / Weighted Average			862,800	79.3%	$	19,560		107
Suburban Office Grand Total—SLG share of Annualized Rent					$	19,560	100.0%
Suburban Office Same Store Occupancy %—Combined			862,800